اثرات وابسته به اندازه و غلظت میکروپلاستیک پلی‌استایرن بر ژن‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی و ایمنی ماهی کاراس طلایی (Carasius )auratus

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه تولید و بهره‌برداری آبزیان، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 نویسنده مسئول، گروه تولید و بهره‌برداری آبزیان، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

3 گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد، ایران

4 گروه شیلات، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد، ایران

5 گروه تولید و بهره‌برداری آبزیان، دانشکده شیلات و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

امروزه، آلودگی‌ پلاستیکی یکی از خطرناک ترین آلودگی های زیست محیطی محسوب می‌شود. در این خصوص، میکروپلاستیک‌ها ممکن است وارد شبکه غذایی شده و باعث بروز برخی اثرات منفی در آبزیان شوند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات میکروپلاستیک پلی‌استایرن بر بیان ژن‌های آنتی اکسیدانی و ایمنی در کاراس طلایی (Carasius auratus) انجام گرفت. بدین‌منظور، میکروپلاستیک پلی استایرن از طریق پلیمریزه شدن امولسیونی و تعلیقی در دو اندازه ۲۵/۰ و ۸ میکرومتر تهیه شد. ماهیان در غالب ۶ تیمار با اندازه‌های ۲۵/۰ و ۸ میکرومتر و غلظت‌های ۰۵/۰، ۵/۰ و ۵ میلی‌گرم بر لیتر میکروپلاستیک طی ۲۸ روز مواجه شدند. بر اساس نتایج، میکروپلاستیک پلی‌استایرن باعث القای بیان ژن‌های SOD، CAT و HSP70 شد که وابسته به غلظت و اندازه میکروپلاستیک بود. اندازه کوچکتر میکروپلاستیک اثر القایی بالاتری در بیان ژن‌های مورد بررسی نشان داد به‌نحوی‌که در بیشتر موارد بالاترین سطح در غلظت‌های مشابه در تیمارهای مواجهه یافته با میکروپلاستیک ۲۵/۰ میکرومتر مشاهده شد. با افزایش غلظت میکروپلاستیک از ۰۵/۰ تا ۵ میلی‌گرم بر لیتر، روند مشابه کاهشی-افزایشی در بیان ژن‌های مورد مطالعه مشاهده شد که البته رفتار ژن CAT قدری متفاوت بود. روی‌هم‌رفته با توجه به نتایج، می‌توان بیان داشت میکروپلاستیک پلی‌استایرن به‌ویژه در اندازه‌های پایین‌تر می‌تواند به عنوان یک آلاینده باعث تحریک سیستم آنتی-اکسیدانی و ایمنی ماهی کاراس طلایی شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Dose- and size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastic on antioxidant and immune genes of gold fish (Carasius auratus)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azim Liaghi 1
  • Hadise Kashiri 2
  • Ainaz Shirangi 3
  • Mohammad Gholizadeh 4
  • Safura Abarghuyi 5
1 Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gonbad Kavus University, Gonbad, Iran.
4 Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavus University, Gonbad, Iran.
5 Dept. of Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Nowadays, plastic pollution is regarded as one of the most threatening environmental pollution. In this regard, microplastics may enter the food web and produce some negative impacts in aquatics. The goal of the present study was to study effects of polystyrene microplastic on antioxidant and immune genes expressions in gold fish (Carasius aurata). For this, polystyrene microplastic was synthetized via suspension and emulsion polymerization method in two sizes of 0/25 and 8 µm. The fish were exposed to the microplastic with sizes of 0.25 and 8 µm and concentrations of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/L during 28 days under 6 treatments. Based on the results, polystyrene microplastic induced gene expression of SOD, CAT and HSP70 that were dependent on the microplastic concentration and size. Smaller size of microplastic showed higher induction effect on the studied genes expressions so that in most cases, the highest level in the same concentrations was observed in the treatments exposed to 0.25 µm microplastic. With increase in microplastic concentration from 0.05 to 5 mg/L, a similar decreasing-increasing trend was observed in the investigated genes expressions but the CAT gene reaction was slightly different. Overall, more studies seem necessary to understand polystyrene microplastic effects on aquatics and its potential mechanisms. With respect to the results from the present study indicating the changes in antioxidant and immune genes expressions under microplastic exposure, establishing some strategies seem to be obligatory to manage the effluents entered to the aquatic ecosystems and prevent more microplastics increase in the environment. Totally, based on the results, it could be said that polystyrene microplastic as a pollutant can induce the antioxidant and immune system of gold fish.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Gene expression
  • Gold fish (Carasius auratus)
  • Pollustion
  • Polystyrene microplastic
1.Plastics-the Fact. 2021. An Analysis of European Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data. https://plasticseurope. org/ knowledge-hub/plastics-the-facts-2021/.
2.Romano, N., Renukdas, N., Fischer, H., Shrivastava, J., Baruah, K., Egnew, N., and Sinha, A.K. 2020. Differential modulation of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, histomorphology, ion-regulation and growth marker gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to different dose of virgin microplastics. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology. 238: 108862.
3.Karami, A., Romano, N., Galloway, T., and Hamzah, H. 2016. Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Environmental Research. 151: 58-70.
4.Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Geng, J., Ding, L., and Ren, H. 2016. Response to Comment on “Uptake and Accumulation of Polystyrene Microplastics in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Toxic Effects in Liver.” Environmental Science and Technology. 50: 4054-4060.
5.Romano, N., Ashikin, M., Teh, J.C., Syukri, F., and Karami, A. 2018. Effects of pristine polyvinyl chloride fragments on whole body histology and protease activity in silver barb Barbodes gonionotus fry. Environmental Pollution. 237: 1106-1111.
6.De Sá, L.C., Luís, L.G., and Guilhermino, L. 2015. Effects of microplastics on juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): Confusion with prey, reduction of the predatory performance and efficiency and possible influence of developmental conditions. Environmental Pollution. 196: 359-362.
7.Lakhotia, S.C., and Prasanth, K.V. 2002. Tissue and development specific induction and turnover of hsp70 transcripts from 87A and 87C loci after heat shock and during recovery in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Experimental Biology. 205: 345-358.
8.Bierkens, J.G.E.A. 2000. Applications and pitfalls of stress-proteins in biomonitoring. Toxicology. 153: 61-72.
9.Kim, J.H., Rhee, J.S., Lee, J.S., Dahms, H.U., Lee, J., Han, K.N.,and Lee, J.S. 2010. Effect of cadmium exposure on expression of antioxidant gene transcripts in the river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus (Tetraodontiformes). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C. 152: 473-479.
10.Sheikhzadeh, N., Tayefi-Nasrabadi, H., Oushani, A.K., and Enferadi, M.H.N. 2012. Effects of aematococcus pluvialis supplementation on antioxidant system and metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 38: 413-419.
11.Martínez-Álvarez, R.M., Morales, A.E., and Sanz, A. 2005. Antioxidant Defenses in Fish: Biotic and Abiotic Factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 15: 75-88.
12.Rangasamy, B., Hemalatha, D., Shobana, C., Nataraj, B., and Ramesh, M. 2018. Developmental toxicity and biological responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen. Chemosphere. 213: 423-433.
13.Tahami, S.V., Pourmahdian, S., Hadavand, B.S., Azizi, Z.S., and Tehranchi, M.M. 2016. Thermal tuning the reversible optical band gap of self-assembled polystyrene photonic crystals. Photonics and Nanostructures- Fundamentals and Applications. 22: 40e45.
14.Shohani, N., Pourmahdian, S., and Shirkavand Hadavand, B. 2017. Response surface methodology for design of porous hollow sphere thermal insulator. Management Science and Engineering. 1: 012073.
15.Besseling, E., Wang, B., Lürling, M., and Koelmans, A.A. 2014. Nanoplastics affects growth of S. obliquus and reproduction of D. magna. Environmental Science and Technology. 48: 20. 12336e12343.
16.Baulch, S., and Perry, C. 2014. Evaluating the impacts of marine debris on cetaceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 80: 1-2. 210-221.
17.Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., and Galloway, T.S. 2015. The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environmental Science and Technology. 49: 2. 1130-1137.
18.Van Pomeren, M., Brun, N.R., Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M., and Vijver, M.G. 2017. Exploring uptake and biodistribution of polystyrene (nano) particles in zebrafish embryos at different developmental stages. Aquatic Toxicology. 190: 40-45.
19.Cunningham, E.M., Kiriakoulakis, K., Dick, J.T.A., Kregting, L., Schuchert, P., and Sigwart, J.D. 2020. Driven by speculation, not by impact-the effects of plastic on fish species. Journal of Fish Biology. 96: 6. 1294-1297.
20.Yu, P., Liu, Z., Wu, D., Chen, M., Lv, W., and Zhao, Y. 2018. Accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in juvenile Eriocheir sinensis and oxidative stress effects in the liver. Aquatic Toxicology. 200: 28-36.
21.Wang, W., Gao, H., Jin, S., Li, R., and Na, G. 2019. The ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on aquatic food web, from primary producer to human: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 173: 110-117.
22.Wang, W., Jian, S., Zhang, S., Wang, D.W.J., Gao, M., Sheng, J., and Hong, Y. 2022. Enrichment of polystyrene microplastics induces histological damage, oxidative stress, Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway-related gene expression in loach juveniles (Paramisgurnus dabryanus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 237: 113540.
23.Busom, I.B. 2022. Short term effects of nanoparticles in fish. Doctoral Thesis. Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, 240p.
24.Guerrera, M.C., Aragona, M., Porcino, C., Fazio, F., Laurà, R., Levanti, M., Montalbano, G., Germanà, G., Abbate, F., and Germanà, A. 2021. Micro and Nano Plastics Distribution in Fish as Model Organisms: Histopathology, Blood Response and Bioaccumulation in Different Organs. Applied Sciences. 11: 5768.
25.Liu, Z., Yu, P., Cai, M., Wu, D., Zhang, M., Chen, M., and Zhao, Y. 2019. Effects of Microplastics on the Innate Immunity and Intestinal Microflora of Juvenile Eriocheir Sinensis. Science of the Total Environment. 685: 836-846.
26.Choi, J.S., Jung, Y.J., Hong, N.H., Hong, S.H., and Park, J.W. 2018. Toxicological effects of irregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Marine Pollution Bulletin. 18: 129. 231-240.
27.Hsieh, S.L., Wu, Y.C., Xu, R.Q., Chen, Y.T., Chen, C.W., Singhania, R.R., and Dong, C.D. 2021. Effect of polyethylene microplastics on oxidative stress and histopathology damages in Litopenaeus vanname. Environmental Pollution.
288: 117800.
28.Ghelichpour, M., Taheri Mirghaed, A., Hoseinifar, S.H., Khalili, M., Yousefi, M., Van Doan, H., and Perez-Jimenez, A. 2019. Expression of immune, antioxidant and stress related genes in different organs of common carp exposed to indoxacarb. Aquatic Toxicology. 208: 208-216.
29.Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J. 2015. Oxidative stress and redox regulation: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence, and death. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3: 199-283.
30.Mukhopadhyay, I., Nazir, A., Mahmood, K., Saxena, D.K., Das, M., Khanna, S.K., and Chowdhuri, D.K. 2002. Toxicity of argemone oil: Effect on hsp70 expression and tissue damage in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70 lac Z) Bg9. Cell Biology and Toxicology. 18: 1-11.
31.Kim, W.S., Park, K., Kim, J.K., and Kwak, I.S. 2016. Expression of the heat shock protein 70 gene and external developmental traits of two Bivalvia species, Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis, under aquaculture environments. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment. 49: 1. 22e30.
32.Fadare, O.O., Wan, B., Guo, L.H., Xin, Y., Qin, W., and Yang, Y. 2019. Humic acid alleviates the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic particles to Daphnia magna. Environmental Science: Nano Journal. 6: 5. 1466e1477.
33.Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B., and Beyersmann, D. 2003. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium. Toxicology. 192: 95-117.
34.Kohler, H.R., Knodler, C., and Zanger, M. 1999. Divergent kinetics of HSP70 induction in Onniscus asellus (Isopoda) in response to four environmentally relevant organic chemicals (B[a]P, PCB52,-HCH, PCP): Suitability and limits of a biomarker. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 36: 179-185.
35.Lewis, S., Donkin, M.E., and Depledge, M.H. 2001. Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors. Aquatic Toxicology. 51: 3. 277-291.
36.Pang, M., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Dai, J., Tong, J., and Jin, G. 2021. Transcriptome sequencing and metabolite analysis reveal the toxic effects of nanoplastics on tilapia after exposure to polystyrene. Environmental Pollution. 277: 116860.
37.Zhao, J., Rao, B.Q., Guo, X.M., and Gao, J.Y. 2021. Effects of microplastics on embryo hatching and intestinal accumulation in larval zebrafish Danio rerio. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 42: 485-491.