The effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the savory plant (Satureja hortensis) on the growth performance and some innate immunity indicators of the serum and skin mucus of rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Document Type : scientific research article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author, Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

3 Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a diet containing hydroalcoholic extract of savory (Satureja hortensis) on the growth performance and innate immune response of skin mucus and serum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this purpose, 240 rainbow trout juveniles with an average weight of 2.02 ± 0.02 grams were randomly distributed into 4 experimental groups with three replications and fed diets containing concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% hydroalcoholic extract of savory for a period of 6 weeks. The results showed that growth performance indices, including final weight and weight gain, significantly increased in the group fed with a diet containing 1% savory extract compared to the control group. However, a significant difference in the specific growth rate index was not observed between the extract-fed groups and the control group. Analysis of serum immune indices showed that lysozyme activity increased in the groups fed with different levels of savory extract compared to the control group, while alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities decreased. Analysis of mucosal innate immune indices also showed that the highest activities of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were associated with the groups fed diets containing 0.5% and 1% savory extract, respectively. The protein concentration in the solution was not affected by the consumption of the extract-containing diet. Therefore, dietary supplementation with hydroalcoholic savory extract, especially at a level of 1%, can serve as a natural feed additive to improve the growth and health of rainbow trout juveniles.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. 1.Food & Nations, A. O. o. t. U. (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in action: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

    2.Romero, J., Feijoó, C. G., & Navarrete, P. (2012). Antibiotics in aquaculture–use, abuse and alternatives. Health and environment in aquaculture, 159, 159-198.

    3.Sahu, M. K., Swarnakumar, N., Sivakumar, K., Thangaradjou, T., & Kannan, L. (2008). Probiotics in aquaculture: importance and future perspectives. Indian journal of microbiology, 48, 299-308.

    4.Harikrishnan, R., Kim, M. C., Kim, J. S., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. S. (2011). Protective effect of herbal and probiotics enriched diet on haematological and immunity status of Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel) against Edwardsiella tarda. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 30(3), 886-893.

    5.Pasnik, D. J., Evans, J. J., Panangala, V. S., Klesius, P. H., Shelby, R. A., & Shoemaker, C. A. (2005). Antigenicity of Streptococcus agalactiae extracellular products and vaccine efficacy. J Fish Dis, 28(4), 205-212. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00619.x.

    6.Abdel-Latif, H. M., Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khafaga, A. F., & Dawood, M. A. (2020). Dietary origanum essential oil improved antioxidative status, immune-related genes, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 104, 1-7.

    7.C De, B., Meena, D., Behera, B., Das, P., Das Mohapatra, P., & Sharma, A. (2014). Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40, 921-971.

    8.Daniels, C., & Hoseinifar, S. H. (2014). Prebiotic applications in shellfish. Aquaculture nutrition: gut health, probiotics and prebiotics, 401-418.

    9.Hoseinifar, S. H., Ringø, E., Shenavar Masouleh, A., & Esteban, M. Á. (2016). Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplements in sturgeon aquaculture: a review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1), 89-102.

    10.Kiron, V. (2012). Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173(1-2), 111-133.

    1. Dewi, N. R., Huang, H. T., Wu, Y. S., Liao, Z. H., Lin, Y. J., Lee, P. T., & Nan, F. H. (2021). Guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extract enhances immunity, growth, and resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 118, 1-10.

    12.Gisbert, E., Andree, K. B., Quintela, J. C., Calduch-Giner, J. A., Ipharraguerre, I. R., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2017). Olive oil bioactive compounds increase body weight, and improve gut health and integrity in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Br J Nutr, 117(3), 351-363. doi:10.1017/s0007114 517000228.

    13.Huang, H. T., Lee, P. T., Liao, Z. H., Chen, H. Y., & Nan, F. H. (2020). Effects of Phyllanthus amarus extract on nonspecific immune responses, growth, and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 107, 1-8.

    14.Reyes-Cerpa, S., Vallejos-Vidal, E., Gonzalez-Bown, M. J., Morales-Reyes, J., Pérez-Stuardo, D., Vargas, D., & Reyes-López, F. E. (2018). Effect of yeast (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) and plant (Saint John's wort, lemon balm, and rosemary) extract based functional diets on antioxidant and immune status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subjected to crowding stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 74, 250-259. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.061.

    1. Salomón, R., Firmino, J. P., Reyes-López, F. E., Andree, K. B., González-Silvera, D., Esteban, M. A., & Vallejos-Vidal, E. (2020). The growth promoting and immunomodulatory effects of a medicinal plant leaf extract obtained from Salvia officinalis and Lippia citriodora in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 524, 735291.
    2. Mirzaee, M., & Safari, R. (2023). Stress in ornamental fish and the use of medicinal plants for its control. Ornamental Aquatic, 10(3), 31-47. Retrieved from http://ornamentalaquatics. ir/article-1-331-fa.html. [In Persian]
    3. Kudełka, W., & Kosowska, A. (2008). Components of spices and herbs determining their functional properties and their role in human nutrition and prevention of diseases. Cracow Rev. Econ. Manag, 78, 83-111.
    4. Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., Aftabgard, M., & Van Doan, H. (2022). The improving role of savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oil for Caspian
      roach (Rutilus caspicus) fry: Growth, haematological, immunological, and antioxidant parameters and resistance to salinity stress. Aquaculture, 548, 737653. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737653.
    5. Fierascu, I., Dinu-Pirvu, C. E., Fierascu, R. C., Velescu, B. S., Anuta, V., Ortan, A., & Jinga, V. (2018). Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Satureja hortensis L.: A review of the last decade. Molecules, 23(10), 2458.
    6. Karimi, N., Yari, M., & Ghasmpour,
      H. R. (2012). Identification and comparison of essential oil composition and mineral changes in different phenological stages of Satureja hortensis L.
    7. Mumivand, H., Babalar, M., Hadian, J., & Tabatabaei, S. M. F. (2010). Influence of nitrogen and calcium carbonate application rates on the minerals content of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) leaves. Horticulture environment and biotechnology, 51(3), 173-177.
    8. Ravindran, P., Pillai, G., & Divakaran, M. (2012). Other herbs and spices: mango ginger to wasabi. In Handbook of herbs and spices (pp. 557-582): Elsevier.
    9. Hajhashemi, V., Zolfaghari, B., & Yousefi, A. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Satureja hortensis seed essential oil, hydroalcoholic and polyphenolic extracts in animal models. Medical Principles and Practice, 21(2), 178-182.
    10. Jalil, A. T., Abdelbasset, W. K., Shichiyakh, R. A., Widjaja, G., Altimari, U. S., Aravindhan, S., & Naserabad,
      S. S. (2022). Protective effect of summer savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oil on some growth, biochemical, immune serum, mucosal immune system and antioxidant parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to Pretilachlor herbicide.
    11. Ghafarifarsani, H., Aftabgard, M., Hoseinifar, S. H., Raeeszadeh, M., & Van Doan, H. (2023). Comparative effects of savory (Satureja hortensis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and mooseer (Allium hirtifolium) essential oils on growth, digestive, and immunoantioxidant parameters and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile common
      carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, 572, 739541.
    12. Mohseni, M., Soltanian, S., GHolamhoseini, A., Akhlaghi, M., sharifiyazdi, H., & Hoseinzadeh, S. (2020). Investigating the effects of the methanolic extract of savory plant (Satureja hortensis) on growth, hematological and serum biochemical factors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animal Environment Quarterly, 12(4), 371-380. doi:10.22034/aej.2020. 131235.
    13. Farag, M. R., Alagawany, M., Khalil, S. R., Moustafa, A. A., Mahmoud, H. K., & Abdel-Latif, H. M. (2021). Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides modulate growth, hemato-biochemical indices, hepatic antioxidants, and expression of HSP70 and apoptosis-related genes in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sub-lethal thallium toxicity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 118, 251-260.
    14. Hedayati, S. A., Farsani, H. G., Naserabad, S. S., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2019). Protective effect of dietary vitamin E on immunological and biochemical induction through silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) inclusion in diet and silver salt (AgNO3) exposure on Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 222, 100-107.
    15. Vali, S., Mohammadi, G., Tavabe, K. R., Moghadas, F., & Naserabad, S. S. (2020). The effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) sublethal concentrations on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Bioaccumulation, hematology, serum biochemistry and immunology, antioxidant enzymes, and skin mucosal responses. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 194, 110353.
    16. Ishwarya, R., Rengarajan, J., & Vaseeharan, B. (2022). Functional Aspects of Fish Mucosal Lectins and Crustaceans with Its Applications. In P. Elumalai, B. Vaseeharan, & S. Lakshmi (Eds.), Aquatic Lectins: Immune Defense, Biological Recognition and Molecular Advancements (pp. 307-323). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
    17. Roosta, Z., & Hoseinifar, S. H. (2016). The effects of crowding stress on some epidermal mucus immune parameters, growth performance and survival rate of tiger barb (Pentius tetrazona). Aquaculture Research, 47(5), 1682-1686.
    18. Mohammadalikhani, M., Shamsaei Mehrjan, M., Haghighi, M., Soltani, M., & Kamali, A. (2020). Effects of dietary purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract on growth performance, hematological indices and immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 19(5), 2660-2672.
    19. Abolfathi, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Hajimoradloo, A., Joshaghani, H. R., & Ross, N. W. (2022). Seasonal variations in the skin epidermal structure and mucosal immune parameters of rainbow trout skin (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different stages of farming. Fish & shellfish immunology, 127, 965-974.
    20. Esteban, M., Cuesta, A., Ortuno, J., & Meseguer, J. (2001). Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 11(4), 303-315.
    21. Lowry, O., Rosebrough, N., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of biological chemistry, 193(1), 265-275.
    22. Azizi, E., Yeganeh, S., Firouzbakhsh, F., & Janikhalili, K. (2016). Effects of dietary Supplemental thyme essence (Thymus vulgaris L.) on growth, hematological and serum biochemical parameters of Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research, 4(2), 45-61. Retrieved from http://jair.gonbad.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html.
    23. Haghighi, H., Biard, S., Bigi, F., De Leo, R., Bedin, E., Pfeifer, F., & Pulvirenti, A. (2019). Comprehensive characterization of active chitosan-gelatin blend films enriched with different essential oils. Food Hydrocolloids, 95, 33-42.
    24. Soltani, M., Sheikhzadeh, N., Ebrahimzadeh-Mousavi, H., & Zargar, A. (2010). Effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil on innate immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 5(4), 191-199.
    25. Van Doan, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., Jaturasitha, S., Dawood, M. A., & Harikrishnan, R. (2020). The effects of berberine powder supplementation on growth performance, skin mucus immune response, serum immunity, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 520, 734927.
    26. Firouzbakhsh, F., Haghparast, S., & Memarzadeh, M. R. (2021). Research Article: Study on the effects of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) extract on immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles against Yersinia ruckeri. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 20(6), 1573-1588. Retrieved from http://jifro.ir/article-1-3990-en.html.
    27. Hosseini Shekarabi, S. P., Javarsiani, L., Shamsaie Mehrgan, M., Dawood, M., & Adel, M. (2021). Growth performance, blood biochemistry profile, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary Persian shallot (Allium stipitatum) powder. Aquaculture, 548, 737627. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737627.
    28. Raissy, M., Ahmadi Kabootarkhani, M., Sanisales, K., Mohammadi, M., & Rashidian, G. (2022). The Synergistic Effects of Combined Use of Mentha longifolia, Thymus carmanicus, and Trachyspermum copticum on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, and Expression of Key Immune Genes in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 810261.
    29. Soltani, M., Zarifmanesh, T., & Zorriehzahra, S. J. (2013). Effect of Zataria multiflora essential oils on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis) complement component activity and lysozyme. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 21(4), 13-23. doi:10.22092/ isfj.2017.110083.
    30. Tepić, A., Zeković, Z., Kravić, S., & Mandić, A. (2009). Pigment content and fatty acid composition of paprika oleoresins obtained by conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. CyTA–Journal of Food, 7(2), 95-102.
    31. Mozafarian, V. (2006). Culture Iran Names of Plants. In: The Contemporary Culture Press, Iran, Tehran.
    32. Iwama, G. K., & Nakanishi, T. (1996). The fish immune system: organism, pathogen, and environment. San Diego: Academic Press San Diego.
    33. Fredrick, W. S., & Ravichandran, S. (2012). Hemolymph proteins in marine crustaceans. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(6), 496-502.
    34. Pourmozaffar, S., Hajimoradloo, A., & Miandare, H. K. (2017). Dietary effect of apple cider vinegar and propionic acid on immune related transcriptional responses and growth performance in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 60, 65-71.
    35. Cordero, H., Brinchmann, M. F., Cuesta, A., Meseguer, J., & Esteban, M. A. (2015). Skin mucus proteome map of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Proteomics, 15(23-24), 4007-4020. doi:10.1002/pmic.201500120.
    36. Fan, C., Wang, J., Zhang, X., & Song, J. (2015). Functional C1q is present in the skin mucus of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Integr Zool, 10(1), 102-110. doi:10.1111/1749-4877. 12100.
    37. Ren, Y., Zhao, H., Su, B., Peatman, E., & Li, C. (2015). Expression profiling analysis of immune-related genes in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) skin mucus following Flavobacterium columnare challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 46(2), 537-542. doi:10.1016/ j.fsi.2015.07.021.
    38. Sanahuja, I., Fernández-Alacid, L., Ordóñez-Grande, B., Sánchez-Nuño, S., Ramos, A., Araujo, R. M., & Ibarz, A. (2019). Comparison of several non-specific skin mucus immune defences in three piscine species of aquaculture interest. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 89, 428-436. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04. 008.
    39. Xia, H., Liu, W., Wu, K., Wang, W., & Zhang, X. (2016). sIgZ exhibited maternal transmission in embryonic development and played a prominent role in mucosal immune response
      of Megalabrama amblycephala. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 54, 107-117. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.165.
    40. Brinchmann, M. F. (2016). Immune relevant molecules identified in the skin mucus of fish using -omics technologies. Mol Biosyst, 12(7), 2056-2063. doi:10. 1039/c5mb00890e.
    41. Carda-Diéguez, M., Ghai, R., Rodríguez-Valera, F., & Amaro, C. (2017). Wild eel microbiome reveals that skin mucus of fish could be a natural niche for aquatic mucosal pathogen evolution. Microbiome, 5(1), 162. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0376-1.
    42. Cordero, H., Brinchmann, M. F., Cuesta, A., & Esteban, M. A. (2017). Chronic wounds alter the proteome profile in skin mucus of farmed gilthead seabream. BMC Genomics, 18(1), 939. doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4349-3.
    43. Darvishi, M., Shamsaie Mehrgan, M., & Khajehrahimi, A. E. (2022). Effect of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract as an immunostimulant on serum and skin mucus immune parameters, transcriptomic responses of immune-related gene, and disease resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 811684.
    44. Ghafarifarsani, H., Rashidian, G., Sheikhlar, A., Naderi Farsani, M., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2021). The use of dietary oak acorn extract to improve haematological parameters, mucosal and serum immunity, skin mucus bactericidal activity, and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 52(6), 2518-2527.
    45. Gholamhosseini, A., Hosseinzadeh, S., Soltanian, S., Banaee, M., Sureda, A., Rakhshaninejad, M., & Anbazpour, H. (2021). Effect of dietary supplements of Artemisia dracunculus extract on the haemato‐immunological and biochemical response, and growth performance of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 52(5), 2097-2109.
    46. Ross, N. W., Firth, K. J., Wang, A., Burka, J. F., & Johnson, S. C. (2000). Changes in hydrolytic enzyme activities of naïve Atlantic salmon Salmo salar skin mucus due to infection with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and cortisol implantation. Dis Aquat Organ, 41(1), 43-51. doi:10.3354/dao 041043.
    47. Sheikhzadeh, N., Tayefi-Nasrabadi, H., Oushani, A. K., & Enferadi, M. H. (2012). Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis supplementation on antioxidant system and metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiol Biochem, 38(2), 413-419. doi:10.1007/ s10695-011-9519-7.
    48. Subramanian, S., MacKinnon, S. L., & Ross, N. W. (2007). A comparative study on innate immune parameters in the epidermal mucus of various fish species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 148(3), 256-263.
    49. Adel, M., Dawood, M. A., Shafiei, S., Sakhaie, F., & Shekarabi, S. P. H. (2020). Dietary Polygonum minus extract ameliorated the growth performance, humoral immune parameters, immune-related gene expression and resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 519, 734738.
    50. Awad, E., & Awaad, A. (2017). Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67, 40-54.
    51. Panase, P., & Tipdacho, P. (2018). Preliminary use of Polygonum minus Linn. leaf extract on growth performance, feed utilization, and some hematological indices of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 27, 147-153.
    52. Padam, M. M., & Khoshvaghti, A. (2019). A Comparative Study on the Effects of Using Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Linum Usitatissimum and Rosa Damascena on Liver Function in Adult Male Rats. QHMS, 26(1), 54-67. doi:10.32598/hms.26.1.3116.1.
    53. Kumar, M., Sharma, P., Garg, H., Kumar, R., Bhatia, V., & Sarin, S. K. (2011). Transient elastographic evaluation in adult subjects without overt liver disease: influence of alanine aminotransferase levels. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 26(8), 1318-1325.
    54. Shekarabi, S. P. H., Javarsiani, L., Mehrgan, M. S., Dawood, M. A., & Adel, M. (2022). Growth performance, blood biochemistry profile, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary Persian shallot (Allium stipitatum) powder. Aquaculture, 548, 737627.
Journal of Utilization and Cultivation of Aquatics
Volume 14, Issue 3
September 2025
Pages 117-138

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics