Investigation of the effects of lower Caspian Sea water level on Gorgan Bay

Document Type : scientific research article

Author

Corresponding Author, Lecturer, Dept. of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

According to researches, the continuation of the trend of lowering the water level as a new round of oscillating features of the water level in the Caspian Sea is not unexpected. Due to the separation of Gorgan Bay from the Caspian Sea, many irreparable environmental and economic risks will affect micro and macro management in regional and supra-regional dimensions. According to studies, Gorgan Bay is not endangered and the decrease in water level is considered part of the natural behavior of Gorgan Bay against the fluctuation of the Caspian Sea water level. The proposed option is dredging the Ashuradeh canal after the water level reaches minus 27.5 meters. However, according to the results of the current study, declining water levels have caused nutritionalism, destructive ecological substitutions, changes in the structure of biological communities, morphological changes, increased sedimentation, bay drought and increased salinity, damage to ecotourism and marine infrastructure and reduced the depth of inputs in Gorgan Bay. Accordingly, the issue of urgency and crisis in Gorgan Bay is obvious. Therefore, finding a solution that can save Gorgan Bay from the emergencies and crises ahead is inevitable. It is suggested that short-term action be taken to align the Caspian Sea basin countries to determine water rights from rivers and dredge traditional canals to prevent the Gulf from being cut off from the sea. In the long-term action, the construction of a new canal is proposed to increase self-purification and prevent the emergence of degraded ecosystems.

Keywords

References

1.Movahhed, M.A. 1982. Khazaran, Khwarizmi presses Company, First Edition, 311p.
2.Reza, E.A. 2009. Name of North Sea Iran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, First Edition, 178p. (In Persian)
3.Ozyavas, A., and Khan, S.D. 2012. The driving forces behind the Caspian Sea mean water level oscillations. Environ. Earth Sci. 65: 1821-1830.
4.Kakroodi, A.A., Kroonenberg, S.B., Goorabi, A., and Yamani, M. 2014. Shoreline Response to Rapid 20th Century Sea-Level Change along the Iranian Caspian Coast, Journal of Coastal Research, 30: 6. 1243-1250.
5.Sharbaty, S. 2016. Review necessity of the Caspian Sea water level decreasing effects on the Gorgan Bay situation and solutions offer for the crisis overcoming in future years. Utilization and Cultivation of Aquatics, 5: 1. 83-105.(In Persian)
6.Sharbaty, S., and Ghanghermeh, A.A. 2016. Forecasting the Effect of Decreasing Long Time Trend of Caspian Sea Water Level on the Life of Gorgan Bay, Journal of Environment Science Technology, 17: 3. 46-59. (In Persian)
7.Poua Tarh Pars. 2017. Identification and Presentation of the Final Solution to Save the Gorgan Bay and Miankaleh Peninsula. Final Report, 448p.
8.Iranian National Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences (INIOA). 2021. Comprehensive studies of Gorgan Bay rescue through integrated management and the relevant basin. Research Project, 1359p.
9.Erfan, Sh., and Hamedi, M.E.R. 2015. Barrier islands in the South East of the Caspian Sea (North of Behshahr), Journal of Geoscience, 24: 95. 217-230. (In Persian)
10.Ghaemi, M., and Javaherzadeh, F. 2016. A review of Iranian wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention and their impact on the development of sustainable tourism and provides a proposal for the restoration and protection of wetlands. International Conference on Management, Culture and Economic Development, Mashhad, Iran, 14p.
11.Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Golitsyn, G.S., Semenov, V.A., and Sporyshev, P.V. 2000. Connection between Caspian Sea level variability and ENSO. Geophys. Res Lett. 27: 2693-2696.
12.Federov, P.V. 1995. Modern geology of the Caspian Sea, Russian Academy of Science Bulletin. 65: 7. 622-625.
13.Rychagov, G.I. 1997. Holocene oscillations of the Caspian Sea, and forecasts based on palaeogeographical reconstructions. Quaternary International, 41-42: 167-172.
14.Emadaldin, S., Jafarbeigloo, M., Zamanzadeh, S.M., and Yamani, M. 2014. Caspian Sea level changes during the late Holocene based on dating and the morphology of sediments in the southern of Gorgan Bay, Quantitative geomorphological researches, 3: 1. 114-127. (In Persian)
15.Leroy, S.A.G., Kakroodi, A.A., Kroonenberg, S., Lahijani, H.K., Alimohammadian, H., and Nigarov, A. 2013. Holocene vegetation history and sea level changes in the SE corner of the Caspian Sea: relevance to SW Asia climate. Quaternary Science Reviews, 70: 28-47.
16.Khoshravan, H. 2007. Beach sediments, morphodynamics, and risk assessment, Caspian Sea coast, Iran. Quaternary International, 167: 35-39.
17.Sharbaty, S. 2018. Investigating the probable future of the Gorgan Bay after separation from the Caspian Sea from the perspective of ecological succession. Utilization and Cultivation of Aquatics, 6: 4. 41-53. (In Persian)
18.Amini, A., Moussavi Harami, R., Lahijani, H., and Mahboubi, A. 2012. Holocene Sedimentation Rate in Gorgan Bay and Adjacent Coasts inSoutheast of Caspian Sea, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2: 1. 289-297.
19.Kakroodi, A.A., Kroonenberg, S.B., Naderi Beni, A., and Noehgar, A. 2014. Short- and Long-Term Development of the Miankaleh Spit, Southeast Caspian Sea, Iran. Journal of Coastal Research, 30: 6. 1236-1242.
20.Amozadeh, D., and Kanani, M.R. 2008. The Effect of Caspian Sea Water Fluctuations on Miankaleh Habitat Ecological Conditions Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, World Applied Sciences Journal, 3: 1. 34-38.
21.Shayan, S., Yamani, M., and Khalili, Y. 2013. Disclosure of the coastal line north of the country using the techniques of RS and GIS (Case Study Gorgan Bay), 1th International Congress on Environmental Crises and its Solutions, Iran, Kish Island, 8p. (In Persian)
22.Hamzeh, S., and Torabi, O. 2020. Investigating the changes in the water body of Gorgan Bay and its relationship with precipitation and water level of the Caspian Sea by using remote sensing data. Ecohydrology, 8: 2. 475-484.(In Persian)
23.Khoshravan, H. 2020. Spatial and temporal changes of Gorgan Bay coastal habitats under the influence of Caspian Sea fluctuations. Journal of Sepehr,
29: 11. 127-138. (In Persian)
24.Kakroodi, A.A., Kroonenberg, S., Hoogendoorn, R., MohammdKhani, H., Yamani, M., Ghassemi, M., and Lahijani, H. 2012. Rapid Holocene sea-level changes along the Iranian Caspian coast. Quaternary International, 263: 93-103.
25.Mansouri, R. 2020. The Effect Sea-Level Fluctuations on the Shoreline Changes in the Southern Coasts of the Caspian Sea (1975-2017). Two scientific journals of aquatic sciences and technologies, 1: 1. 44-65. (In Persian)
26.Ramezani Mouzirj, F., Yaghoobi, M., and Ghanghermeh, A.A. 2011. Caspian Sea Level Predication Based on Fuzzy Regressor System. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 3: 90-98. (In Persian)
27.Koriche, S.A., Singarayer, J.S., and Cloke, H.L. 2021. The fate of the Caspian Sea under projected climate change and water extraction during the 21st century. Environ. Res. Lett. 16: 094024. 11p.
28.Nandini, S.D., Prange, M., Arpe, K., Merkel, U., and Schulz, M. 2020. Past and future impact of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation in the Caspian Sea catchment area. Int. J. Climatol. 40: 2717-2731.
29.Gharibreza, M.R., Moatamed, A., and Rahimipour, P. 2006. Sediment transport and deposition mechanisms in the Gorgan Bay, 7th International Conference on Coasts, Ports and Marine Structures (ICOPMAS), Tehran, Iran, 2006, 7p.
(In Persian)
30.Sharbaty, S., and Shabani, A. 2015. The Effects of Khozeini Canal Reopeningon the General Current Pattern in the Gorgan Bay, Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 22: 3. 241-248. (In Persian)
31.Karbassi, A.R., and Amirnezhad, R. 2004. Geochemistry of heavy metals and sedimentation rate in a bay adjacent to the Caspian Sea, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1: 3. 191-198. (In Persian)
32.Roodbari Shahmiri, S., Adjami, M., and Khoshravan, H. 2017. Prediction of Gorgan Bay Inlet Performance and Morphological Stability. Joc. 8: 31. 53-65. (In Persian)
33.Nazemi, A. 2005. Final Report of Investigation of Golestan province coastline changest. 95p.
34.Azizpoor, J., Hamzepour, A., and Rahnema, R. 2021. Calculation of sedimentation rate at the mouth of the Gorgan Bay. Amphibious Science and Technology, 1: 2. 14-22. (In Persian)
35.Ketabdari, M.J., Solimani, K., Mirzajani, P., and Morovati, R. 2014. The rolen and importance of optimal site for coastal projects (Case study Bandargaz), 1st National Congress on Construction Engineering and Projects Assessment, Gorgan, 11p. (In Persian)
36.Javani, A. 2012. Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Miscellaneous Pollutions in the Gulf of Gorgan. Master Thesis in Civil Engineering and Environment, Tarbiat Modares University, 116p. (In Persian)
37.Darvish Bastami, K., Taheri, M., Bagheri, H., Yazdani Fashtami, M., Soltani, F., Haghparast, S., Hamzehpoor, A., and Lotfi Ashtiyani, M. 2013. The Relationship between some heavy metal contents in the sediment and macrobenthic community in Gorgan Bay. Scientific - Research Journal of Animal Environment, 4: 4. 91-102. (In Persian)
38.Easterbrook, D.J. 1999. Surface processes and landforms: Prentice-Hall, 546p.
39.Walker, L.R., and Moral, R.D. 2003. Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation, Cambridge University Press, 429p.
40.Gharanjic, B.M. 2018. The first report of Ruppia maritima in the coastal waters of the Caspian Sea (Golestan province) and the expansion of its water development. International Conference on Agricultural Sciences and Medicinal Plants, Mashhad, Iran, 14-15 2018, 10p. (In Persian)
41.Shirood Mirzaie, F. 2012. Coastal classification of Gomishan Wetland according to the macroinvertebrates fauna and GIS, Master Thesis, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 130p. (In Persian)
42.Sharbaty, S. 2012. Two Dimensional Simulations of Seasonal Flow Patterns in the Gorgan Bay, Journal of Basic
and Applied Scientific Research, 2: 5. 4382-4391.
43.Sharbaty, S., Hedayati, A., Ghorbani, R., and Kashiri, H. 2018. Two-dimensional simulation of salinity in Gorgan Bay during a one-year period (90-91). Research Project, GUASR, 89p.
44.Monsen, N.E., Cloern, J.E., Lucas, L.V., and Stephen, G.M. 2002. A Comment on the Use of Flushing Time, Residence Time, and Age as Transport Time Scales. Journal of Limnology and Oceanography, 47: 5. 1545-1553.
45.Sharbaty, S., and Nasimi, S. 2018. Modeling of Possible Dredging Effects of Khozeini Channel on the Water Renewal Time in Gorgan Bay, Southeast of the Caspian Sea. J. Env. Sci. Tech, 20: 1. 16-28.
46.Sharbaty, S. 2020. Investigation of Locating a New Communication Channel in the Gorgan Bay Cased on Water Exchange Time. Journal of Hydrophysic, 5: 1. 97-109. (In Persian)
47.Ravanab Consulting Engineers (RCE). 2001. Comprehensive plan of integrated management of Miankaleh wildlife sanctuary. Iran Environment Organization, 175p.
48.Mohammadkhani, H., Rabbaniha, M., Aghili, A., Poursoufi, T., Hami Tabari, T., and Mansouri, B. 2013. Ecological study on Fisheries important Rivers and Bays in the south part of the Caspian Sea 2nd phase: Gorgan Bay, Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, 97p.
49.Gharaei, A., Ghafari, M., Karami, R., and Kheirabadi, V. 2016. Identification, diversity and density of phytoplankton community in coastal zone of Golestan Province and Gorgan bay. New technologies in aquaculture development, 10: 2. 43-52. (In Persian)
50.Norouzi, N., Ghorbani, R., Hosseini, S.A., Hedayati, S.A.A., and Naddafi, R. 2019. The Process of Species Replacement in the Southeastern Part of the Caspian Sea and its Relation to the Ecosystem's Trophic Conditions. Journal of Animal Environment, 10: 4. 489-498. (In Persian)
51.Aghili, K., Aghaei Moghaddam, A., and Aghili, S.M. 2018. Study on trophic level of Gorgan bay. Journal of Aquatic Caspian Sea. 3: 9. 55-62. (In Persian)
52.Maleki, P., Patimar, R., Jafarian, H., Mahini, A.R., Ghorbani, R., Gholi zade, M., and Harsi, M. 2020. Ecological Assessment of Organic Pollution in the Gorgan Bay, Using Palmer Algal Index. Iran. J. Appl. Ecol. 9: 1. 45-59. (In Persian)
53.Jamshidi, S. 2016. Study on Phisycal and Chemical Characteristics of Seawater of Gorgan Bay in the Eastern Part of Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea. Proceedings of Academics World 4th International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 13th-14th, Sep 2016, ISBN: 978-93-86083-34-0, 5p.
54.Bashari, L., Mahmudy, G., Mohammad, H., Moussavi-Harami, R., and Alizadeh-Lahijani, H. 2014. Hydrogeochemical Study of the Gorgan Bay and Factors Controlling the Water Chemistry. Oceanography, 5: 2. 1-4. (In Persian)
55.Bairami, A., Abtahi, B., Farajzadeh, M., Mohammadi, M., and Rahnama, M. 2003. Measurement of salinity and values of major water ions in the southeast of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Marine Science. 2: 2-3. 27-21. (In Persian)
56.Nejatkhah Manavi, P., Pasandi, A.A., Saghali, M., Beheshtinia, N., and Mirshekar, D. 2009. Study of nitrate and phosphate in eastern south Caspian Sea in spring and summer. Journal of Marine Science & Technology Research, 4: 3. 10-19. (In Persian)
57.Keyabi, B., Ghaemi, R.A., and Abdoli, A. 2000. Wetlands and rivers ecosystems in Golestanprovince. Golestan Environmental Protection Agency, 182p. (In Persian)
58.Shahlapour, Sh., Afraee-Bandpey, M.A., Rabbaniha, M., Pourrang, N., and Nasrolahzadeh, H. 2016. Distribution and diversity of larval and juvenile stages of fish in aquatic habitats of the southeastern Caspian Sea and assessment of Micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities in young fish. M.Sc. Thesis. National Fisheries Science Research Institute. 177p. (In Persian)
59.Afraei Bandpei, M.A., Fazli, H., and Shahlapour, Sh. 2018. Identification and species diversity of fishes in Gorgan Bay. Iranian Scientific Fishery Research, 27: 2. 61-69. (In Persian)
60.Laloei, F. 1993. Hydrobiological Survey of Gorgan-Bay. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 2: 3. 53-68. https:// dx.doi.org/10.22092/isfj.1993.116201.
61.Dorostkar Ahmadi, H. 2007. Study and identification of macrobenthos in Gorgan Bay. Master Thesis in Marine Biology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 120p.
62.Mousavi Kashka, M., Seyfabadi, J., Owfi, F., Hassas Dalirkhah, A., and Tavoli, M. 2010. Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Macrobenthic Community in Gorgan Bay (Southeast Caspian Sea). Iranian Journal of Biology, 23: 4. 605-612. (In Persian)
63.Saghali, M., Baqraf, R., Hosseini, S.A., and Patimar, R. 2013. Benthic community structure in the Gorgan Bay (Southeast of the Caspian Sea, Iran): Correlation to water physiochemical factors and heavy metal concentration of sediment. International Journal Biology of Aquatic, 1: 5. 245-253.
64.Ghorbanzadeh Zafarani, S., Fatemi, S.M.R., and Moradi, E. 2015. Zoning of soft sediments of Gorgan Bay (Caspian Sea) using macrobenthos as an indicator of ecological health. PhD Thesis in Marine Ecology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran.
65.Farhangi, M., Hosseini, S.A., Jafaryan, H., Ghorbani, R., Harsij, M., and Sudagar, M. 2018. The study of effects of Sturgeon pen culture on distribution, abundance and biomass macroinvertebrate in Gorgan Gulf. Journal of Animal Environment, 9: 4. 347-354. (In Persian)
66.Rohi, A. 1998. The Biomass and Species Composition of Zooplankton Populations in Gorgon Bay. Iranian Scintific Fisheries Journal, 6: 4. 35-46.
67.Mohammadkhani, H., and Enayat Gholampour, T. 2017. Zooplankton of the southern Caspian Sea. New Technologies in Aquaculture Development, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr Branch, 11: 3. 39-46. (In Persian)
68.Raeiji, H., Gholizade, M., Patimar, R., and Pursofi, T. 2019. Investigating the density and frequency of zooplankton in the Southeastern Basin of the Caspian Sea (Gorgan Bay). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 28: 2. 59-70. (In Persian)
69.Mohammadkhani, H., Mazaheri Kohanestani, Z., and Ghorbani, R. 2017. Phytoplankton composition and diversity in Gorgan Bay, Golestan province. J. Aqu. Eco. 7: 1. 98-115. (In Persian)
70.Bandani, G. 2008. Review and compare the level of heavy metals in sediment, water and fish. Golestan province on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Gorgan: Research Center Gorgan. 450p.
71.Karbassi, A.R., and Saeedi, M. 2008. Historical changes of heavy metals content and sequential extraction in a sediment core from the Gorgan Bay, Southeastern Caspian Sea. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 37: 3. 267-272.
72.Lahijani, H., Haeri Ardakani, O., Sharifi, A., and Naderi Beni, A. 2010. Sedimentological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Gorgan Bay Sediments. Oceanography, 1: 1. 11p.
73.Shahryari, A., Golfirozy, K., and Noshin, S. 2010. Muscular concentration of cadmium and lead in carp, mullet and kutum of the Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Journal of Fisheries. 19: 2. 95-100 (In Persian)
74.Bagheri, H., Bastami, K.D., Sharmad, T., and Bagheri, Z., 2012. Assess the distribution of heavy metal pollution in Gorgan Bay. Oceanography, 3: 11. 65-72.
75.Hassanpour, M., Pourkhabbaz, A., and Ghorbani, R. 2012. The Measurement of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Wild Bird (Common Coot) in Southeast Caspian Sea. J. Mazand Univ. Med. Sci. 22: 1. 184-194. (In Persian)
76.Beniamerian, S. 2013. Investigation of concentration and origin of petroleum hydrocarbons in Gorgan Bay sediments. Master Thesis, University of Tehran, 117p.
77.Ghorbanzadeh Zaferani, S.Gh., Machinchian Moradi, A., Mousavi Nadushan, R.L., Sari, A.R., and Fatemi, S.M.R. 2016. Distribution pattern of heavy metals in the surficial sediment of Gorgan Bay (South Caspian Sea, Iran). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15: 3. 1144-1166.
78.Alipour, H., and Banagar, Gh.R. 2018. Health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in some edible fishes from Gorgan Bay, Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 17: 1. 21-34.
79.Kurdi, M., Eslamkish, T., Seyedali, M., and Ferdows, M.S. 2015. Water quality evaluation and trend analysis in the Qareh Sou Basin, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73: 12. 8167-8175.
80.Shayeghi, M., Khobdel, M., and Abtahi, B. 2008. Residues of Azinfos methyl and diazinon in Qarasu and Gorgan rivers of Golestan province. Journal of the School of Health and the Institute of Health Research, 6: 1. 75-82. (In Persian)
81.Bagheri, T., Gholizadeh, M., Abarghouei, S., Zakeri, M., Hedayati, A., Rabaniha, M., Aghaeimoghadam, A. and Hafezieh, M. 2020. Microplastics distribution, abundance and composition in sediment, fishes and benthic organisms of the Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea. Chemosphere, 257, p. 127201.
82.Norouzi, N. 2020. Evaluation of pollution potential in Gorgan Bay using SWOT analytical model and providing acceptable solutions. Environmental research and technology, 8: 5. 89-98. (In Persian)
83.Civil Engineering Engineers Company (CEEC), 2007. Water Resources Identification Studies in Miankaleh Peninsula. Mazandaran Regional Water Company. Final Report, 110p. (In Persian)
84.Ghangherme, A.A., Roshan, G.R., Khaje-Shakohi, A.R., Shakohi, E., Mirkatoli, J., Nazarnejad, N.A. and Tavakoli, Gh.M. 2016. Review and evaluation of the occurrence of climate change or variation upon the resources water and uses in order to apply risk management instead of emergency management in real terms and predictions, Research Project, Golestan Regional Water Company, 65p. (In Persian)
Journal of Utilization and Cultivation of Aquatics
Volume 11, Issue 4
February 2023
Pages 1-22

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics