Extraction of phycocyanin from spirulina microalgae and evaluation of the stability of nanoliposomes incorporated with pigment against environmental conditions

Document Type : scientific research article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Sea Food Processing, Faculty of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Corresponding Author, Associate Prof., Dept. of Sea Food Processing, Faculty of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

3 Associate Prof., Dept. of Sea Food Processing, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

4 Ph.D. Graduate of Sea Food Processing, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

Abstract

The encapsulation technique in lipid nanocarriers can be an effective way to resolve the limitations in the utilization of phycocyanin pigment extracted from spirulina due to special taste and odor, high sensitivity of these compounds, and undesirable color in products. Therefore, in the present study, phycocyanin was extracted from Spirulina platensis and its concentration was investigated. Nanoliposomes with chitosan coating (0 and 1% w/v) containing pigment were prepared and its physicochemical properties, morphology, and stability to different environmental conditions (relative humidity, temperature, and light) were evaluated. The mean size of nanoliposomes and polydispersity index ranged from 322.21 to 426.31 nm and from 0.27 to 0.28 in nanocarriers, respectively. The highest values of encapsulation efficiency of nanoliposome containing phycocyanin (81.4%) were obtained under optimal conditions in nanoliposomes with chitosan coating. Evaluation of the stability of liposomes against light, relative humidity, and different temperatures over storage showed an increase in the stability of phycocyanin encapsulated in lipid carriers and chitosan as a liposome coating increased the stability and controlled release of phycocyanin.

Keywords


Asbahani, A., Miladi, K., Badri, W., Sala, M., Aït Addi, E.H., Casabianca, H.,El Mousadik, A., Hartmann, D., Jilale, A., Renaud, F.N.R., and Elaissari, A. 2015. Essential oils: from extractionto encapsulation. Inter. J. Pharm.483: 1-2. 220-243.
Beheshtipour, H., Mortazavian, A.M., Mohammadi, R., Sohrabvandi, S., and Khosravi, K. 2013. Supplementation of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris algae into probiotic fermented milks. CRFSFS. 12: 144-154.
Belén García, A., Longo, E., and Bermejo, R. 2021. The application of a phycocyanin extract obtained from Arthrospira platensis as a blue natural colorant in beverages. J. Appl. Phycol. 33: 3059-3070.
Cortés-Camargo, S., Cruz-Olivares, J., Barragán-Huerta, B.E., Dublán-García, O., Román-Guerrero, A., and Pérez-Alonso, C. 2017. Microencapsulation by spray drying of lemon essential oil: Evaluation of mixtures of mesquite gum–nopal mucilage as new wall materials. J. Microencapsul. 4: 6. 395-407.
Daneshi, E.D.G., Navacchi, M.F.P., Takeuchi, K.P., Frata, M.T., and Carvalho, J.C.M. 2010. Application of Spirulina platensis in protein enrichment of manioc based bakery products. J. Biotechnol. 150: 310-311.
Dewi, E., Kurniasih, R., and Purnamayanti, L. 2018. Physical Properties of Spirulina Phycocyanin Microencapsulated with Maltodextrin and Carrageenan. Philippine J. Sci. 147: 2. 201-207.
Fathi, M., Varshosaz, J., Mohebbi, M., and Shahidi, F. 2013. Hesperetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carries for food fortification: preparation, characterization, and modeling. Food Bioprocess Technology. 6: 1464-1475.
Ghorbanzade, T., Jafari, M., Akhavan, S., and Hadavi, R. 2017. Nano-encapsulation of fish oil in nano-liposomes and its application in fortification of yogurt. Food Chemistry. 216: 146-152.
Gustiningtyas, A., Setyaningsih, I., Hardiningtyas, S.D., and Susila, A.A.R. 2020. Improvement stability of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis encapsulated by water soluble chitosan nanoparticles. Earth and Environmental Science. 414: 01200.
Hadiyanto, H., Suzery, M., Majid, D., Setyawan, D., and Sutanto, H. 2017. Encapsulation of phycocyanin-alginate for high stability and antioxidant activity. Earth and Environmental Science 55.doi:10.1088/1755-1315/55/ 1/ 012030, 1-8.
Hasani, S.H., Ojagh, S.M., and Ghorbani, M. 2018. Nanoencapsulation of lemon essential oil in Chitosan-Hicap system. Part 1: Study on its physical and structural characteristics. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 115: 143-151.
Hundre, S.Y., Karthik, P., and Anandharamakrishnan, C. 2015. Effect of whey protein isolate and beta cyclodextrin wall systems on stability of microencapsulated vanillin by spray-freeze drying Method. Food Chemistry. 174: 1. 16-24.
İlter, I., Koç, M., Demirel, Z., Conk Dalay, M., and Kaymak Ertekin, F. 2021. Improving the Stability of Phycocyanin by Spray Dried Microencapsulation Phycocyanin Stability Improvement,45: 7. 1-23.
Kumar, D., Wattal Dhar, D., and Pabbi, S. 2014. Extraction and purification ofC-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540). Ind. J. Plant Physiol.19: 2. 184-188.
Mary Leema, J.T., Kirubagaran, R., Vinithkumar, N.V., and Dheenan, P.S. 2010. High value pigment production from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultured in seawater. Bioresource Technology. 101: 9221-9227.
Page, D.T., and Cudmore, S. 2001. Innovations in oral gene delivery: Challenges and potentials. Drug Discovery Today. 6: 92-101.
Prabakaran, P., and Ravindran, A.D. 2013. Efficacy of different extraction methods of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. Inter. J. Res. Pharm. Life Sci.1: 1. 15-20.
Purnama, F.N.W., Agustini, T.W., and Kurniasih, RA. 2020. The effect of different temperature on the stability of phycocyanin on microcapsule Spirulina platensis. Earth and Environmental Science. 530: 012008.
Ramezanzade, L., Hosseini, S.F., and Nikkhah, M. 2018. Biopolymer-coated nanoliposomes as carriers of rainbow trout skin-derived antioxidant peptides. Food Chemistry. 234: 220-229.
Rasti, B., Jinap, S., Mozafari, M.R.,and Yazid, A.M. 2012. Comparative study of the oxidative and physical stability of liposomal and nanoliposomal polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared with conventional and Mozafari method. Food Chemistry. 135: 4. 2761-70.
Segura-Campos, M., Chel-Guerrero, L., Betancur-Ancona, D., and Hernandez-Escalante, V.M. 2011. Bioavailability of bioactive peptides. Food Reviews International. 27: 3. 213-226.
Silveira, S.T., Burkert, J.F.M., Costa, J.A.V., Burkert, C.A.V., and Kalil, S.J. 2007. Optimization of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensisusing factorial design. Bioresource Technology. 98: 1629-1634.
Souzaa, J., Caldasa, A., Tohidib, SH., Molinac, J., Soutob, A., Fangueirob, R., and Zilleb, A. 2014. Properties and controlled release of chitosan microencapsulated limonene oil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 24: 691-698.
Suzery, M., Hadiyanto, M., Setyawan, D., and Sutanto, H. 2017. Improvement of stability and antioxidant activities by using phycocyanin-chitosan encapsulation technique. Earth and Environmental Science, 55. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/55/ 1/012052. 1-7.
Tavakoli, F., Jahanban-Esfahlan, R., Seidi, KH., Jabbari, M., Behzadi, R., Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi, Y., and Zarghami, N. 2018. Effects of nano-encapsulated curcumin-chrysin on telomerase, MMPs and TIMPs gene expression in mouse B16F10 melanoma tumour model. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 46: 52. 572-586.
Wu, Q., Liu, L., Miron, A., andKlímová, B. 2016. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Archives of Toxicology, DOI 10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5. 1-27.
Yan, M., Liu, B., Jia, O.X., and Qin, S. 2014. Preparation of phycocyanin microcapsules and its properties. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 92: 89-97.
Yeung, T.W., Uçok, E.F., Tiani, K.A., McClements, D.J., and Sela, D.A. 2016. Microencapsulation in alginate and chitosan microgels to enhance viability of Bifidobacterium longum for oral delivery. Front. Microbial. 9: 145-148.